|
:''This article applies to gases; see also Kinetic theory of solids'' The kinetic theory describes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container. Kinetic theory explains macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. The theory posits that gas pressure is due to the impacts, on the walls of a container, of molecules or atoms moving at different velocities. Kinetic theory defines temperature in its own way, not identical with the thermodynamic definition.〔 Under a microscope, the molecules making up a liquid are too small to be visible, but the jittering motion of pollen grains or dust particles can be seen. Known as Brownian motion, it results directly from collisions between the grains or particles and liquid molecules. As analyzed by Albert Einstein in 1905, this experimental evidence for kinetic theory is generally seen as having confirmed the concrete material existence of atoms and molecules. ==Assumptions== The theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions: * The gas consists of very small particles known as molecules. This smallness of their size is such that the total volume of the individual gas molecules added up is negligible compared to the volume of the smallest open ball containing all the molecules. This is equivalent to stating that the average distance separating the gas particles is large compared to their size. * These particles have the same mass. * The number of molecules is so large that statistical treatment can be applied. * These molecules are in constant, random, and rapid motion. * The rapidly moving particles constantly collide among themselves and with the walls of the container. All these collisions are perfectly elastic. This means, the molecules are considered to be perfectly spherical in shape, and elastic in nature. * Except during collisions, the interactions among molecules are negligible. (That is, they exert no forces on one another.) :This implies: ::1. Relativistic effects are negligible. ::2. Quantum-mechanical effects are negligible. This means that the inter-particle distance is much larger than the thermal de Broglie wavelength and the molecules are treated as classical objects. ::3. Because of the above two, their dynamics can be treated classically. This means, the equations of motion of the molecules are time-reversible. * The average kinetic energy of the gas particles depends only on the absolute temperature of the system. The kinetic theory has its own definition of temperature, not identical with the thermodynamic definition. * The time during collision of molecule with the container's wall is negligible as compared to the time between successive collisions. * Because they have mass, the gas molecules will be affected by gravity. More modern developments relax these assumptions and are based on the Boltzmann equation. These can accurately describe the properties of dense gases, because they include the volume of the molecules. The necessary assumptions are the absence of quantum effects, molecular chaos and small gradients in bulk properties. Expansions to higher orders in the density are known as virial expansions. An important book on kinetic theory is that by Chapman and Cowling.〔Chapman, S., Cowling, T.G. (1939/1970).〕 An important approach to the subject is called Chapman–Enskog theory.〔Kauzmann, W. (1966). ''Kinetic Theory of Gases'', W.A. Benjamin, New York, pp. 232–235.〕 There have been many modern developments and there is an alternative approach developed by Grad based on moment expansions.〔Grad 1949〕 In the other limit, for extremely rarefied gases, the gradients in bulk properties are not small compared to the mean free paths. This is known as the Knudsen regime and expansions can be performed in the Knudsen number. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kinetic theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|